Learn validation vs sanitization, filter_var, custom rules, and a reusable Validator class.
Learn PHP magic methods — __construct, __destruct, __get, __set, __toString, __invoke.
Learn static methods, static properties, utility classes, and the Singleton pattern.
Learn abstract classes vs interfaces with real-world examples and guidelines.
Understand PHP closures, use() capture, arrow functions, and uses with array functions.
Learn PHP type declarations, strict_types, union types, and nullable types.